UNDERSTANDING THE EMERGENCE, DEVELOPMENT AND TRAJECTORIES OF NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS (NSMS) IN INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES AND NON-POST-MATERIALIST SOCIETIES: THE CASE OF ANIMAL PROTECTION MOVEMENT (APM) IN MALAYSIA
Dr. Suzianah Nhazzla Ismail
DOI:
Keywords:
New Social Movements (NSM), Animal Protection Movement (APM)
Abstract
At present, the vast majority of studies of new social movements (NSMs), such as the animal protection movement (APM), focus on post-industrial countries and post-materialist societies. According to NSM scholars, post-industrial countries offer a healthier environment for NSMs to thrive because these countries possess high levels of economic, physical, and material security. However, little is known about the APMs in countries which are industrial, such as those found in Southeast Asia (SEA). Therefore, the study offers a novel empirical account of the APM in Malaysia; an NSM that exists in an industrial country that does not have a strong post-materialist society. It is focused on understanding the emergence, development, and trajectory of the APM in Malaysia. The study is concerned with factors such as the accessibility of political opportunities, the level of post-materialist values, the roles played by long-standing cultural beliefs and the types of resources available in Malaysia. The study finds that APM Malaysia is surviving in a very perplexing environment. The movement is stymied as a result of operating in a country with: a moderately closed-state structure; low levels of post-materialist values; overpowering cultural beliefs; and a lack of resources. It is hoped that this study will be able to provide a new perspective and insight into the analysis of APMs in industrial countries and non-post-materialist societies in SEA, thus broadening the knowledge of NSMs.
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